In general, income can be received in three ways – money, services, and property – and IRS requires you to declare most of this income on your tax return. Income is taxable unless specifically exempted by law, and in some cases, even nontaxable income must be disclosed on your tax return.
Taxable Income
Typically, the following types of income are required to be declared on your tax return, and you must pay tax on them:
- Wages
- Salaries
- Commissions
- Strike pay
- Rental income
- Alimony (for divorces finalized before 2019)
- Royalty payments
- Gains on stock sales
- Dividend and interest income
- Self-employment/business income
Keep in mind that there are other forms of compensation that may be taxable, including fringe benefits or stock options. Fringe benefits are part of your income unless they are specifically excluded by law – or, if you pay fair market value for them. You do not need to be an employee of the provider of such a benefit to be a recipient, and if you perform the services for which a fringe benefit is being provided, you are the recipient and required to report/pay tax on it as applicable, even if it is given to another person and not you (for example, a family member). Examples could include:
- A company-paid offsite gym membership
- A company vehicle that can be used personally
- Holiday gifts from an employer in the form of cash or gift certificates
- Company-paid tuition exceeding a certain amount
- Employer-paid group life insurance over a certain amount
Nontaxable Income
The following types of income are usually deemed nontaxable by IRS and aren’t required to be reported on your tax return:
- Inheritances and bequests
- Cash rebates
- Alimony payments (for divorces finalized after 2018)
- Child support payments
- Most healthcare benefits
- Money that is reimbursed from qualifying adoptions
- Welfare payments
Other Considerations
- There are some types of income that may or may not be taxable, or may be partially taxable. Examples include proceeds from cashing in a life insurance policy or money from a qualified scholarship, depending on how it was used. Income from retirement accounts may also fall into this category. Consult with your tax professional to determine how much of such income should be included on your tax return, if any.
- Certain types of income may not be readily identified as taxable, but are generally required to be included on your return. Examples include: the fair-market value of property received for your services; disability retirement or sickness/injury payments from an employer-paid plan; property and services for which you bartered; money/income from offshore accounts; or canceled/forgiven debt.
- IRS rules state that you are taxed on all income available to you, regardless of whether it is actually in your possession. For example, if a check is received by or made available to you before the end of the tax year, but you do not cash or deposit the check until the next year, the income was “constructively received” before year-end and, therefore, is taxable in that year.
- If you have a contract with a third party (agent) to receive income on your behalf, the income is considered received by you (and therefore taxable) in the year the agent received it.
- If you receive payment for future services to be provided, the income is generally included in income/subject to tax in the year you receive it. An exception to this is if you report on an accrual basis of accounting – consult with your tax professional for more information.
- Note that in some cases, the tax treatment of certain income for State purposes is not consistent with Federal tax law. For example, while alimony is no longer reportable on Federal returns for divorces finalized after 2018, California still requires such income to be included on the state tax return. Check with your tax professional to learn more about federal and State tax law differences.
For more information, please refer to IRS Publication 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income: 2022 Publication 525 (irs.gov)
Serious real estate investors don’t rely on intuition—they rely on structured financial strategy to drive decisions and scale efficiently.
Most investors think a property is profitable if: Rent > Mortgage That’s dangerously wrong.
Bad bookkeeping doesn’t show up as an obvious expense. It shows up as: Missed opportunities Overpaid taxes Bad decisions
At some point, your business stops being “simple.” And your bookkeeping setup? It quietly starts breaking.
Taxes are your largest expense as a real estate investor. The difference between average and elite investors? Strategy. Not income.
Most real estate investors don’t lose money because of bad deals. They lose money because they don’t actually know their numbers. And not in a surface-level “I check my bank account” way— but in a true, decision-making, portfolio-optimization way. This single mistake quietly drains cash flow, increases taxes, and prevents scaling. Let’s break it down
If you own between 5–50 rental units, your biggest financial risk isn’t the market—it’s poor tax strategy and bad books.
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Ordinary Income: Ordinary income from investments includes interest, dividends, and rental income. Let's briefly explore each: Interest: If you earn interest from investments like savings accounts, certificates of deposit (CDs), or bonds, that income is generally taxable. It is typically taxed at your ordinary income tax rates, which vary based on your income level. Dividends: Dividends are a company’s earnings distributions to its shareholders. They can be classified as either qualified or non-qualified dividends. Qualified dividends, which meet specific criteria, are subject to lower tax rates similar to long-term capital gains. Non-qualified dividends are typically taxed at ordinary income tax rates. Rental Income: If you invest in real estate and receive rental income, it is generally considered ordinary income and is subject to taxation at your applicable tax rates. However, you may be able to offset this income with eligible expenses, such as mortgage interest, property taxes, depreciation, and maintenance costs. Capital Gains: Capital gains occur when you sell an investment for a profit. The taxable portion of capital gains can be further divided into short-term and long-term gains: Short-Term Capital Gains: If you hold an investment for one year or less before selling it, any profit you make is considered a short-term capital gain. Short-term capital gains are taxed at your ordinary income tax rates. Long-Term Capital Gains: Investments held for more than one year before being sold may qualify for long-term capital gains treatment. At the federal level, the tax rates for long-term capital gains are generally lower than ordinary income tax rates and vary based on your income level. At the state level, while a handful of states tax such gains at a lower rate than the state ordinary income tax rates, most states tax all income, regardless of type, at the same rate. Net Investment Income Tax: In addition to regular income taxes, certain high-income individuals may be subject to the Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). The NIIT is a 3.8% federal tax on the lesser of your net investment income or the excess of your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) over a specific threshold: • For single or head-of-household filers, the threshold is $200,000. • For married couples filing jointly, the threshold is $250,000. Net investment income includes interest, dividends, capital gains, rental income, royalties, and passive income from businesses. It is essential to consult with a tax professional to determine if you are subject to the NIIT and how it may impact your tax liability. Strategies to Minimize Investment Income Taxes: While taxes are a necessary part of investing, there are strategies you can employ to minimize their impact: Tax-Advantaged Accounts: Consider investing in tax-advantaged accounts like individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 401(k)s, or Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). These accounts offer tax benefits that can help reduce your overall tax liability. Tax-Loss Harvesting: If you have investments that have decreased in value, you can sell them to offset capital gains from other investments. This strategy, known as tax-loss harvesting, can help reduce your taxable income. Holding Periods: By holding investments for more than one year, you may qualify for the lower long-term capital gains tax rates. Donating Stocks to Charity : By directly donating appreciated stock (that has been held long-term) to charity, you don’t have to recognize a taxable capital gain, but you can still receive a charitable contribution deduction for the fair market value of the stock (if you itemize deductions). This allows for a much greater tax benefit than if you sell the stock and then donate the funds, because you will pay capital gains tax on the gain from the sale!
What Are Cryptocurrency Taxes? Cryptocurrency taxes are the taxes that you owe on any gains or losses that you realize from the sale or exchange of virtual currencies. The IRS treats cryptocurrencies like property, which means that any gains or losses you generate are treated as capital gains or losses (just like when you sell stocks, real estate, or other capital assets). How Do Cryptocurrency Taxes Work? Cryptocurrency taxes work similarly to other capital gains taxes. If you sell or exchange cryptocurrency at a profit, you'll owe taxes on that profit. If you sell or exchange it at a loss, you may be able to deduct that loss to reduce your overall tax liability (although there are certain limitations when claiming capital losses). The amount of tax you owe on your cryptocurrency gains depends on how long the cryptocurrency has been held since the initial acquisition - if you own it for less than a year, your gains will be considered short-term and taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. If you hold it for more than a year, however, your gains will be taxed at the long-term capital gains tax rate, which is generally lower than the ordinary income tax rate. What Do You Need to Do to Comply with Cryptocurrency Tax Laws? If you've invested in cryptocurrency, it's important to understand how to properly report your gains and losses on your tax returns. Here are some steps you can take to ensure that you abide by the law: • Keep Accurate Records - The first step is to keep precise records of all your cryptocurrency transactions. Keeping track of the gain or loss from virtual currency trading is easy if you are using a broker that issues you Form 1099-B (Proceeds from Broker and Barter Exchanges). However, if you don't use a broker who keeps records of your trading activity, you will need to do so on your own. This means that you must keep track of the following: •Purchase Date •Purchase Price •Sale Date •Sale Price Don't forget that sales aren't the only form of taxable transactions. You must report the disposition of a virtual coin if it's sold for cash, traded for another cryptocurrency asset, or used to buy something. It's also important to note that virtual currency splits can create ordinary income, as can airdrops, mining, and staking. • Report Your Gains and Losses on Your Tax Return - When you prepare your tax return, you'll likely need to report your cryptocurrency gains and losses on Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets. You'll also need to include the total amount of your gains or losses on Schedule D of your tax return. • Pay Any Taxes Owed - If you owe taxes on your gains, you'll need to pay them when you file your tax return (and they will be included in your overall tax liability on ALL taxable income). If you don't pay your taxes on time, you may be subject to penalties and interest charges. Conclusion As cryptocurrency continues to become a more popular investment vehicle, it's important to understand how to properly keep track of and report your gains and losses on your tax returns. The IRS is cracking down on these types of transactions, and you don’t want anything to come back and bite you later! As always, if you're unsure how this applies to your specific tax situation, please consult with a tax professional.